What 'multimodal' really means in consumer AI apps
Every AI assistant launch carries the word 'multimodal.' Here's what it actually changes about the experience, where it works well, and where it still embarrasses itself.
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What is a SAFE note? And why AI startups love them
SAFE notes have become the default instrument for early-stage AI fundraising. Here's what they are, the 2018 post-money switch, and what founders miss.
What is FinOps for AI? Managing the GPU bill before it manages you
FinOps is the discipline for putting structure around variable technology spend. AI breaks the cloud cost model in three ways — and this is what the new practice looks like.
What is quantization? How AI models get smaller without getting much worse
Quantization is what lets a 70B model fit on consumer hardware. What it actually is, the math in one paragraph, the methods that matter (GPTQ, AWQ, GGUF, bitsandbytes, FP8), what you lose, and when to care.
What is prompt injection? The vulnerability class no firewall stops
Prompt injection is what happens when text an LLM reads gets interpreted as instructions instead of data. It tops OWASP's 2025 LLM list — and the fix is not a patch.
What is RLHF? The training trick that made ChatGPT useful
RLHF is the three-stage recipe — supervised fine-tuning, reward modelling, RL — that turned big base models into chatbots people actually use. Here's how it works and what it doesn't fix.
RAG vs fine-tuning vs prompting: which do you actually need?
Three techniques get pitched as competitors. They aren't. They solve different problems. Here's the decision frame for choosing one or combining all three.